The IEA finds that new technologies that convert CO2 into fuels, chemicals and building materials can play an important role in a circular carbon economy and expand the current market of 230 million tonnes of CO2 used per year. Synthetic hydrocarbon fuels could be particularly valuable in the aviation sector, where there are few low-carbon alternatives available. However, their production is energy-intensive and costly – current production costs are between US$ 200 and US$ 600 per barrel. Using CO2 in building materials can be less energy intensive and provide a form of long-term CO2 storage. Some of these technologies enjoy a cost and product performance advantage over conventional products.

Verifying emission reductions will be central to acceptance of CO2 use. Determining the net-emissions outcome of CO2 use can be complex and depends on: potential market size for CO2-based product, source of CO2, amount and type of energy used, whether CO2 is re-emitted and the carbon footprint of the alternative (e.g. fossil fuels) that the CO2-based product is displacing. Continued innovation will be critical to reduce costs and enable CO2 use to contribute to future net-zero emission energy systems.

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https://www.cceguide.org/guide/

https://www.cceguide.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/04-IEA-Reuse.pdf