Low-cost solar and wind are increasingly powering the electricity sector of developing countries worldwide. But for countries to fulfill their greenhouse gas emissions, air quality, and other environmental goals, they must also consider changes to the transportation sector. Transportation emissions contribute to about 23% of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas emissions globally. Black carbon, produced by diesel buses, is the second-highest contributor to transport emissions.

Electrifying the transportation sector may help countries achieve their sustainability goals. There are numerous approaches to electrification of the transportation sector, including deployment of battery electric buses (BEBs). BEBs can improve air quality (particularly in urban areas), may help curb greenhouse gas emission, encourage public transit ridership (i.e., reducing traffic congestion) and can have positive impacts on public health and the quality of life for city inhabitants. Energy production is shifted to stationary electrical power plants, often located outside cities. Moving the source to a few stationary power plants (as opposed to many tailpipes) may make emissions easier to control. Electric buses may have other benefits, such as lower noise pollution and potential for improved grid services.

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https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy21osti/76816.pdf