Typical utility-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) projects are developed and financed based on an expected lifetime of about 25 years, even though commercial PV modules are capable of generating energy for much longer periods.
This report provides a snapshot of the present situation in the United States around photovoltaic (PV) module end-of-life (EOL) management. With an expected surge in PV waste volumes in the coming decades, best practices must be established for project decommissioning and for module collection, reuse, recycling, and disposal.
The report outlines drivers of existing and future PV waste volumes, currently available EOL options for PV plants and modules, and technologies adopted in mature PV markets such as Europe, where recycling is already mandatory. Key factors that may influence asset management decisions and module recycling and disposal practices are introduced, including performance monitoring, module composition and construction, policy and regulation, emerging recycling technologies, and research and development (R&D) opportunities.
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